I. Answers B, C, D, and E are true statements, whereas A is false.
II. Answer A is a true statement, whereas B, C, D, and E are false.
III. Answers A, B, and C are true statements, whereas D and E are false.
IV. Answers A, B, and C are true statements, whereas D and E are false.
1. The daily water absorption is [1500 - (150* 0.75)] = 1388 ml.
2. The daily net absorption of Na+ is [1.5 *120 - (0.150* 0.75* 20)]= 177.75 mmol.
The daily net absorption of K+ is [1.5 4 - (0.150* 0.75* 5)] = 5.44 mmol.
3. The daily Na+ loss in the faeces is (0.150* 0.75* 20) = 2.25 mmol.
The daily K+ loss in the faeces is (0.150* 0.75* 5) = 0.563 mmol.
4. Following ileostomy: The daily Na+ loss in the faeces is (1.5* 120) = 180 mmol.
The daily K+ loss in the faeces is (1.5* 4) = 6 mmol.
5. Dietary measures are not essential, because the salt loss is covered by a normal salt intake.
1. The elimination rate constant (k) is 0.001 or 1/1000 per 24 hours. Half-time = 0.693/k.
Half-time = 693 days.
2. Mt = Mo e-t k. By insertion: 0.5 = 5 e-t/1000. Thus, t = 2302 days or 2302/365 = 6.3 years. Pernicious anaemia is developed over years.
1. Coma is such a deep state of unconsciousness that the subject does not react, even on the most painful stimuli. In this case there is an increase in blood [NH4+], and it is believed that hepatic coma is caused by intoxication with ammonia or closely related substances. However, lack of glucose in the brain is probably involved.
2. The alcoholic patient has liver insufficiency, with a minimal glucose production. Within a short time this condition develops into severe hypoglycaemia, because formation of glucose outside the liver is minimal. Such a profound hypoglycaemia leads to unconsciousness, since the brain only oxidises glucose. After some time the unconscious patient gradually slides into hepatic coma.